∫cscxdx=∫1/sinx dx=∫1/[2sin(x/2)cos(x/2)] dx=∫1/[sin(x/2)cos(x/2)] d(x/2)=∫1/ [cos^2(x/2) * tan(x/2) ]d(x/2)=∫sec^2(x/2)/tan(x/2) d(x/2)=∫1/tan(x/2) d(tan(x/2))=ln|tan(x/2)|+C又 tan(x/2)=sin(x/2)/cos(x/2)=2sin^2(x/2)/sinx=[1-(1-2sin^2(x/2))]/sinx=(1-cosx)/sinx=cscx-cotx所以 ∫cscxdx=ln|cscx-cotx|+C