Alevel经济学的知识点繁多，考试和写作任务都给大家带来很大压力，尤其是面对全英文作答的试卷和上千字的essay时，常有一种无力之感。解决这样的困难，只有在平时多下功夫学习，巩固基础知识点，毕竟高分不是一蹴而就的。

在本站，我们留求艺留学已经为大家分享过多篇有关Alevel经济学备考的资料了，本篇为市场势力、定价策略、经济效率和福利知识点的整理，可供复习参考。

Pricing Strategies定价策略

·Aims: sell excess stock, extra revenue, increase profit, improved cash flow目的：出售多余的库存，额外的收入，增加利润，改善现金流

·1st degree: consumer surplus is known so sold at that price e.g. ebay第一度：消费者盈余是已知的，所以以该价格出售，例如：易贝网。

·2nd degree: when a firm has surplus capacity so sells at a lower price to attract people who would not usually buy e.g. £1 tickets at football stadium for adults to bring their kids第二度：当公司有多余的能力，所以以较低的价格出售，以吸引那些通常不会购买的人，例如，在足球场的1英镑门票，让成年人带着他们的孩子。

·3rd degree: when different groups are charged different prices e.g. peak and off peak第三度：当不同的群体被收取不同的价格时，例如，高峰和非高峰。

·Loss Leaders: setting a low price on some products to entice customers into shop where hopefully they will also buy other goods as well. However, it is illegal to sell goods below cost, so firms could be investigated by OFT.亏损领导者：对某些产品设定低价，以吸引顾客进店，希望他们也会购买其他商品。然而，以低于成本的价格销售商品是违法的，所以企业可能会受到公平贸易局的调查。

·Price matching: making a promise to match any price cuts by your competitors, discourages your competitors from cutting price. because they know there is little point in cutting prices, because you will respond straight away,avoid price wars and give the impression of being very competitive.价格匹配：承诺匹配你的竞争对手的任何降价，阻止你的竞争对手降价，因为他们知道降价的意义不大，因为你会立即作出反应，避免价格战，给人以非常有竞争力的印象。

·Profit Maximisation: where MR=MC,in practise it can be difficult to work this out precisely.利润最大化：MR=MC，在实践中可能很难精确计算。

·Sales Maximisation. Aiming to maximise sales whilst making normal profit., price equal to average cost.销售最大化。目的是在赚取正常利润的同时实现销售最大化，价格等同于平均成本。

·Cross Subsidisation. A big multinational may use profits in one area to subsidise a price war in another.交叉补贴。一个大的跨国公司可能用一个地区的利润来补贴另一个地区的价格战。

·Mark-up pricing. This involves setting a price equal to marginal cost of production + x. (where x = the profit margin a firm wants to make on each sale)加价定价。这包括设定一个等于生产的边际成本+x的价格（其中x=公司希望在每笔销售中获得的利润率）。

Monopsony Power 垄断性权力

·when a firm has market power in employing factors of production.当一个公司在使用生产要素方面拥有市场力量时。

·means there is one buyer and many sellers.这意味着有一个买家和许多卖家。

Monopsony in Labour Market 劳动力市场上的垄断

·An example of a monopsony occurs when there is one major employer and many workers seeking to gain employment.当有一个主要雇主和许多寻求就业的工人时，就会出现垄断的例子。

·If there is only one main employer of labour, then they have market power in setting wages and choosing how many workers to employ.如果只有一个主要的劳动力雇主，那么他们在确定工资和选择雇佣多少工人方面就有市场权力。

·Coal mine owner in town where coal mining is primary source of employment.镇上的煤矿主，煤矿开采是主要的就业来源

·Government in employment of civil servants, nurses, police政府雇用公务员、护士、警察。

Diagram of Monopsony 垄断的图示

·In a competitive labour market, the equilibrium will be where D=S at Q1, W1.在一个竞争性的劳动力市场中，平衡点将是在Q1、W1时D=S。

·However, a monopsony can pay lower wages and employ fewer workers.然而，垄断者可以支付较低的工资，雇用较少的工人。

Problems of Monopsony in Labour Markets 劳动力市场中的垄断问题

·Monopsony can lead to lower wages for workers. This increases inequality in society.垄断会导致工人的工资降低。这增加了社会的不平等。

·Workers are paid less than their marginal revenue product.工人的工资低于他们的边际收入产品。

·Firms with monopsony power often have a degree of monopoly selling power. This enables them to make high profits at the expense of consumers and workers.拥有垄断权力的公司往往有一定程度的垄断销售权。这使他们能够在牺牲消费者和工人利益的情况下获得高额利润。

·Firms with monopsony power may also care less about working conditions because workers don't have many alternatives to the main firm.拥有垄断权力的公司也可能不太关心工作条件，因为工人在主要公司之外没有很多选择。

Monopsony in Product Markets 产品市场中的垄断

In several industries there is one buyer and several sellers.在一些行业中，有一个买家和几个卖家。

·Supermarkets have monopsony power in buying food from farmers. If farmers don't sell to the big supermarkets, there are few alternatives.超市在向农民购买食品方面具有垄断力量。如果农民不卖给大超市，就没有什么替代品。

·Amazon.com is one of the biggest purchases of books. If publishers don't sell to Amazon at a discounted price, they will miss out on selling to the biggest distributor of books.亚马逊网站是最大的书籍购买者之一。如果出版商不以折扣价卖给亚马逊，他们就会错过卖给最大的图书分销商的机会。

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